Human metapneumovirus (HMPV)
About HMPV
- HMPV is a paramyxovirus that causes respiratory illness in humans
- Most people are infected by age 5, and reinfections can occur throughout life
- HMPV does not mutate as easily as influenza
- Spread occurs through respiratory droplets, close contacts, and contaminated surfaces
- Seasonal outbreaks typically align with late winter and spring
- Symptoms range from mild cold-like illness to severe lower respiratory infections
- At-risk groups include infants, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals
- Can cause bronchiolitis, pneumonia, wheezing, and asthma exacerbations
- First identified in 2001 in the Netherlands, though retrospective studies show circulation for decades
- Seasonal outbreaks occur worldwide; most resemble influenza and RSV surges
- HMPV cases are expected every year, and like other respiratory illnesses, HMPV has a varying impact from year to year
Current Situation
- January 2025: The Ministry of Health of India and Singapore reported typical seasonal HMPV circulation with no unusual surges noted (Singapore Report and India Report)
- December 2024 to January 2025: Media reports of severe respiratory illness surges in northern China linked to HMPV. The WHO and China CDC found increases consistent with seasonal norms, not an atypical outbreak
- Click here for more information regarding the recent surges
Healthcare facilities should prepare for seasonal HMPV activity by ensuring:
- Early recognition and diagnosis of acute respiratory infections (ARI)
- Standard and droplet precautions
- Environmental cleaning and disinfection of high-touch surfaces
- Staff training on ARI recognition and response protocols
- Surveillance and reporting of severe cases, especially in vulnerable populations
